Some popular hair styling techniques during the Elizabethan era were ¹ ² ³ ⁴:
- Wearing hair long and frizzed, often placed over wires or pads to create a heart-shaped frame around the head.
- Wearing hair in braids, often wrapped around the top of the head, or worn down the back.
- Wearing hair in an updo, often adorned with jewels, tiaras, scarves or plumes.
- Wearing hair in a bun, often worn at the back of the neck.
- Dyeing hair, with blonde and red being popular colors.

The Elizabethan era, which encompassed the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England from 1558 to 1603, was characterized by elaborate and ornate hairstyles that reflected the opulence and grandeur of the period. Here are some popular hair styling techniques during the Elizabethan era:

1. **Hair Pads and Cushions**: Elaborate hairstyles often required the use of hair pads or cushions to create volume and height. These pads were made from various materials such as wool, horsehair, or wire, and were placed underneath the hair to add structure and support to the hairstyle.

2. **Backcombing**: Backcombing, also known as teasing or ratting, was a common technique used to create volume and texture in Elizabethan hairstyles. Hair was teased and combed backwards towards the scalp to create a voluminous base for styling.

3. **Curling and Crimping**: Curling and crimping techniques were used to create intricate curls and waves in Elizabethan hairstyles. Hot irons or heated rods were used to curl sections of hair, while crimping irons were used to create small, tight waves.

4. **Braiding and Plaiting**: Braiding and plaiting were popular techniques for incorporating decorative elements into Elizabethan hairstyles. Braids and plaits were woven into intricate patterns and adorned with ribbons, jewels, and other ornaments to create elaborate designs.

5. **Hairpieces and Wigs**: Hairpieces and wigs were commonly used to achieve the elaborate hairstyles of the Elizabethan era. Wigs were made from human hair or animal hair and were styled into elaborate arrangements of curls, waves, and braids. Hairpieces were also used to add volume and length to natural hair.

6. **Hair Accessories**: Hair accessories such as jeweled combs, hairpins, ribbons, and flowers were used to embellish and adorn Elizabethan hairstyles. These accessories added a touch of luxury and sophistication to the overall look and were often chosen to complement the wearer's attire and accessories.

Overall, Elizabethan hairstyles were characterized by their elaborate and ornate designs, incorporating a variety of techniques and accessories to create voluminous, sculptural arrangements that reflected the opulence and grandeur of the period.